Club captain: Charles Goodyear
Good intro video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtBnu-YtibA
Category: Current Affairs (Page 5 of 7)
New date and place: DCA second floor for 8:15- 9:15 on Monday December 9.
Discussion leader: Jim Phillips
https://www.alvareztg.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-5g/
https://www.celltowerleaseexperts.com/cell-tower-lease-news/pros-cons-how-will-5g-impact-your-city/
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48616174
https://www.investors.com/news/technology/5g-stocks-5g-wireless-stocks/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/science/5g-cellphones-wireless-cancer.html
https://www.barrons.com/articles/5g-stock-opportunities-51572025082?mod=hp_DAY_7
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6894452
Discussion leaders: Jack Fitzgibbons & Gary Banks
The microbiome is the genetic material of all the microbes (bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses) that live on and inside the human body.
It is one of the most promising, yet challenging topics in modern medicine.
The Microbiome is a new field with implications for many different areas including obesity research, causes of arthritis, intestinal ailments and psychiatric illnesses.
Here’s a short introduction to get you started.
https://depts.washington.edu/ceeh/downloads/FF_Microbiome.pdf
Introduction from MSK:
https://www.mskcc.org/blog/what-your-microbiome-and-three-things-could-change-it
Good overview of the microbiome and the many diseases influenced by it.
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/microbiome/disease/
Amish vs Hutterites – asthma
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/04/opinion/health-secrets-of-the-amish.html
The Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Obesity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5082693/
New Study Reveals Gut Microbes May Help Protect People Having a Bone Marrow Transplant
From Harvard:
From the Harvard Medical School
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/microbiome
Antibiotics can disrupt the gut ecosystem for months.
Cancer Immunotherapy and the Microbiome. A 6 minute video from Johns Hopkins
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0002419/cynthia-sears
Prostate Cancer Therapy and the Gut Microbiome
Are ready for a challenge? This is from journal Nature. Not easy for the layman. The first couple of pages give a good idea how complex and active a research area this is.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1238-8
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-019-0074-5
Animals
The microbiome is important in animals. For instance, here is an article where altering the microbiome of a cow reduced methane production by 95%.
https://animalmicrobiome.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42523-019-0004-4
Just to give you an idea how active the research is in animals. Here are 4 journals that are starting up.
Antimicrobial resistance and the microbiome
Microbiome, Environmental Microbiome and Animal Microbiome are coming together to launch a special series inviting authors to submit their research pertaining to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the microbiome.
The emergence and spread of AMR can only be described as a catastrophic problem for human and animal health. It is projected that there would be more deaths due to AMR than cancer by 2050.
During the last decade a large number of studies have reported the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) and defined in detail how these are mobilised between pathogens and also within communities of bacteria. The impact of antibiotics on microbiomes particularly those of humans and animals is a cause for concern and can alter physiology quite dramatically. In addition the spread of ARG to these microbiomes has been reported and occurs on a global scale clearly indicated in studies of sewage and waste water treatment plants. Further spread may occur under selective conditions in the presence of antibiotics in sewage and other biocides such as detergents both of which could cause significant changes in diversity. We need to understand the impacts of ingression of ARG into microbiomes and consider the wider issue of AMR spread into the environment.
The importance of human microbiomes is indisputable now as many new aspects of their roles have emerged in the past few years and continue to build a complex picture of metabolic interactions with their hosts. Similarly, animal and plant microbiomes studies have provided an exciting view into the potential benefits of healthy, diverse and stable microbiomes for sustainable agriculture. Understanding the persistence and spread of ARG in agricultural and other food production systems such as aquaculture will be critical for food safety and production. We are just beginning to reveal the importance of microbial assemblages in the environment for both bioremediation and biodegradation in addition to the vital roles played in nutrient cycles. Antimicrobial agents can have impact on all these activities in addition to spreading new gene combinations due to the rapid mobilisation of ARGs due to the highly selective effects of antibiotic therapy. Whilst some antibiotics are natural products others are xenobiotics and remain and persist in the environment and mobile ARG will spread as a result of selection. Most naturally occurring resistance genes are chromosomal and further work is needed to investigate these impacts.
Microbiomes may work syntrophically to degrade recalcitrant compounds and recent research has demonstrated the emergence of antibiotic biodegraders within the environment and these bacteria may provide the answer to reduce the persistence of antibiotics and their detrimental effects in nature. By understanding the natural role of antibiotics produced in nature we may find the clues to avoiding the arms race of ever increasing resistance in the face of novel drugs, streptomycin production gene clusters are still found in soil streptomycetes and were dated thought to have emerged several million years ago yet they are still apparently useful in nature today. Further research will inform new ways to administer antibiotics, new types of drugs and new ways to combat resistance.
This is a research are for our an upcoming speaker, Dr. Sarah Kahn
The microbiota–gut–brain axis
This cross-journal collection brings together both human and animal studies covering all aspects of the microbiota-gut-brain axis’ role in health and disease, as well as its therapeutic potential. The participating journals, spanning both neuroscience and microbiology, are listed below.
Submissions should be formatted according to individual journal guidelines. Please indicate clearly in the cover letter that the manuscript is to be considered for this collection.
All manuscripts will undergo standard peer review, and must be submitted through the relevant journal’s online submission system by 31st December 2019.
Engineering optimal livestock microbiomes
The human population is predicted to reach approximately 9.7 billion by 2050. Consequently, ensuring future food availability, safety and nutritional content is crucial. Gastrointestinal tract microbiomes of livestock animals play a crucial role in processing dietary components and providing the host with the necessary nutrients for growth. Recently, the terminology of the holobiont (the host and its microbiota) has been introduced in recognition of the importance of the interactions between the host and its microbiota and their influence on host phenotype, and the need to consider them as one unit.
Whilst livestock holobionts have evolved over millennia, this is often does not result in increased food availability through enhanced production, as the GI tract microbes prioritise their own nutrition before the nutrition of the host. This means that feed conversion is often sub-optimal and therefore understanding what is the ‘best’ microbiome from a production perspective, and biotic and abiotic factors which govern microbiome composition, are key to our ability to feed the human population in the future.
Discussion leader: Bob Baker
8:15, DCA Lilian Gade Room
Special guest: John Visi, Darien Registrar of Voters
DMA Current Affairs
October topic-Election Regulations
Regulations: Past-Present-Future
Basic Authority: US constitution through first ten amendments has no mention of rules for elections; hence authority is granted to the several states.
Two broad divisions of regulations: (1) who is eligible to vote. (2) who may contribute, and by how much, to influence election results.
ELIGIBILITY
Three Constitutional amendments expanded voter eligibility. XVth Amendment (1870) said race could not be a limit on eligibility. XIXth Amendment (1929) said sex could not limit eligibility. XXVI Amendment (1971) stated eligibility cannot be denied to anyone age 18 or older.
Broad objectives: Insure all persons who are eligible to vote will have THE OPPORTUNITY to vote. No persons who are not eligible to vote WILL BE ABLE TO VOTE.
CONTRIBUTIONS to influence election results
Basic protection: permission is derived from First Amendment freedom of speech, freedom of press.
Broad objective: to insure all information relevant to an election is available to the voters.
Concerns: Ability to finance publication of views can give some individuals/organizations an unfair advantage.
Readings:
https://legaldictionary.net/voting-rights-act-of-1965/
Of note here is that contributions are not allowed from persons who do not have legal status in US.
Given that to gain participation to the next Dem. Debate, persons need to have a certain number of individual donations. How enforced?
https://www.thoughtco.com/current-political-campaign-contribution-limits-3322056
https://www.politicallawbriefing.com/2012/12/is-my-donation-really-anonymous/
https://www.fairvote.org/universal_voter_registration
The ‘Citizens United’ decision and why it matters – Center for Public Integrity
Voter Fraud is Real – Federalist
https://thefederalist.com/2016/10/13/voter-fraud-real-heres-proof/
Debunking the Voter Fraud Myth
https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/debunking-voter-fraud-myth
Heritage Foundation
https://www.heritage.org/election-integrity/heritage-explains/voter-fraud
GOP Voter Fraud in North Carolina Invalidates Election
Kolback Voter Fraud Commission Disbanded
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/report-trump-commission-did-not-find-widespread-voter-fraud
https://www.thoughtco.com/current-political-campaign-contribution-limits-3322056
Dual registration and/or voting in the United States
It is not illegal to be registered to vote in more than one state.
It is illegal to vote more than once in the same election.
Many states do not address the issue of notifying a state from which a voter has moved when registering in a state to which the voter has moved.
States may remove a voter registration when a registered voter has not voted
for a specified number of times.
Readings suggested by John Visi – one of Darien Registrar of Voters
https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/counterintelligence/foreign-influence/protected-voices
National Rifle Assn: Total Contributions | OpenSecrets
https://www.wsj.com/articles/honest-ads-act-is-false-advertising-11570995764
Discussion leader: Sunil Saksena & Alan Greene
8:15 in the DCA’s Lilian Gade room.
Agenda
- What is AI
- Why is AI important
- Current Applications of AI
- Ethics and hazards associated with AI
THE RESPONSIBLE AI
Needs to be ethically sound and complies with regulations
Foundation of end-to-end governance
Supported by strong performance that address’s bias and fairness; explainability and robust security.
FIVE KEY AI CHALLENGES:
Governance:
Who is accountable?
Does AI align with the business strategy?
What controls need to be in place to track performance and problems?
Are the results consistent and reproducible?
Ethics and Regulation
AI solutions should be morally responsible and legally and ethically defensible.
Explainability
AI should be easily explain to members of the organization, shareholders, outside reviewers and
consumers.
Robust and secure
AI systems need to be safe resilient and secure.
Fairness
Must be fair without bias
Here are a few articles to prepare for the discussion :
How to Build Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust
Book: “Applied Artificial Intelligence” by Mariya Yao
June 12 845-945 at the DCA (John Hess and Doug Campbell)
5G networks are the next generation of mobile internet connectivity, offering faster speeds and more reliable connections on smartphones and other devices than ever before.
5G will greatly impact manufacturing, energy and utilities, agriculture, retail, financial services to name only a few.
Jim Phillips will lead a discussion on the issue of illegal immigration on June 20, 2019, 8:15am in the Lilian Gade room at the DCA.
https://www.numbersusa.com/solutions
https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/real-reform-can-fix-immigration
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_some_realistic_solutions_to_immigration
Monthly arrests at border reach highest point since 2007 – The Washington Post
Discussion Leader: Jack Fitzgibbons
CRISPR is a technique to edit genes. It has been compared to a word processor to edit the genome of any living organism. This capability has the power for breakthrough developments such as biofuels, disease resistant and more nutritious crops, and actually “repairing” a human gene that causes a deadly disease such as sickle cell anemia. But, like nuclear energy, CRISPR can be used for good or bad. Should we “fix” or even “improve” nature? What regulations are called for? Can the genie be put back in the bottle? Jack Fitzgibbons will lead the discussion as we struggle with this promising but challenging technology.
https://dariendma.org/wp-content/uploads/CRISPR-US-Patient.pdf
https://dariendma.org/wp-content/uploads/CRISPR-What-are-the-Ethical-Concerns-of-Genome-Editing.pdf
Discussion leader: John Schlachtenhaufen
Everybody has an opinion – and someone to blame – but in this discussion we’ll dig deep into the data and look for realistic solutions.
Opening commentary:
CONNECTICUT FISCAL STABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Connecticut has been amassing unfunded liabilities for decades and the amount today approaches $100 billion, primarily associated with employee and teacher pensions, and associated other post employment benefits (OPEB). Part of today’s problem is driven by an attempt to more fully fund this exposure.
As we try to understand how we got here, 2 years in recent history have had very significant impact, 1991 and 2008. After a bitter battle, CT enacted an income tax in 1991. The top rate was 4.5%, partially offset by a reduction in sales tax from7.5% to 5%. In 1990, the population was 3.29 million and the general fund expenses were $7.1 Billion.
By 2008, the year the deepest and longest recession in memory began, our population had grown about 7% to 3.5 million, and the State budget had doubled to $14.1 billion. A move to raise the top tax rate to 7.5% from 5% was vetoed and the sales tax was increased slightly to try to balance the budget.
In the last decade, the population remained essentially flat at 3.57 million while the proposed budget for 2020 has grown by nearly 50% to $20.9 billion. In the meantime, CT remains the only State to have lost jobs in that period, and only 10,000 jobs were added last year. In this last(lost) decade our Gross State Product (GSP) has declined 7%, while all surrounding States have seen an increase of from 3 to 7%. Connecticut ranks near bottom in terms of business friendliness. (tax & infrastructure)
The no growth problem is exacerbated by a demographic shift as older, wealthier people who do not tax the infrastructure are replaced by relatively younger, less established people who do. (schools, roads and affordable housing)
The bottom line is that expenses have been growing and are likely to continue to grow faster than revenues, given long term State employee commitments and dismal revenue growth prospects. New revenue sources must be tapped or expenses reduced, or preferably both.
GOVERNOR LAMONT’S 2020-2021 BUDGET PROPOSAL
With decisions made by last year’s legislature, CT faces a $1.5 billion deficit in 2020 and a $2 billion deficit in 2021, (the biennium), and that does not include the $400 million earmarked for transportation infrastructure. Gov. Lamont has submitted a budget that closes these gaps. Key elements of his proposal, which requires legislative approval are the following:
- Keep in place those policy items proposed to sunset this year. That produces just under $1 billion in revenue. Key items include maintaining the hospital surcharge and the concomitant Federal reimbursement it brings for a total of almost $800 million. Also, no reduction in corporate income tax, but phase out of gift tax and increased estate tax threshold plan stays.
- “Modernize” the sales tax to include many services not currently taxed. No tax on medical or grocery bills. 2020 impact is $292 million; 2021 impact is $505 million.
- Combine the State and teacher’s retirement funds, change teacher’s fund growth assumption to match State at 6.9%, and refinance these over 30 years, instead of eliminating unfunded liabilities in 12 years, which was the plan. 2020 impact is$365 million; 2021 impact is $467 million.
- Do not transfer $400 million per year out of general fund to the transportation fund, but finance these years from the current surplus. Develop a new revenue source for transportation via tolls on I-95, I-91, I-87 and the Merritt Parkway. Estimated cost for 50 gantries is $5 million each and 5 years before $1 of revenue. Bond this project to level the expense/revenue flows.
Governor Lamont’s proposed budget closes the gap and provides for balance in both years. He has accomplished this without any meaningful expense cuts and with no increase in tax rates, but choosing to tax new elements through broadening the sales tax and tolling major roads. His proposed budget includes a host of items which have minimal financial impact, but which informed citizens should be aware of, including the following:
1) Forced school regionalization to achieve economies of scale. This has been
modified to “encourage voluntary efforts by schools to seek procurement
savings, etc.”
2) A portion of teacher current new pension costs to be charged to Towns, by
formula. 5% of costs for troubled cities; 25% of costs for most Towns;
higher costs for Towns paying teachers over State median wage.
3) State employee and retiree health care prices to be tied to Medicare by
formula; doctors and hospitals to bear cost.
4) State to implement a “debt diet” to limit new bond authorizations.
5) New container deposit. 10 cents per bag; 25 cents per wine/alcohol bottle.
6) Tobacco & e-cig purchase age 21; tax e-cigs for parity with tobacco.
7) Tax of 1.5 cents on sugar sweetened beverages.
8) Increase CT minimum wage in steps to $15/Hr by 1/1/2023.
Unfortunately, with regard to proposed expenses, Connecticut does not employ zero based budgeting. In the governor’s proposal, all adjustments are shown as changes from the prior year, so it is difficult to know where the money is going. Here is the best I can do. Of the $21.2 Billion total, $19.3B is for the General Fund, up $.3B and $1.7 B is for the special transportation fund, up $.4B. The other largest categories are insurance at $105M and the tribal fund at $50M, unchanged.
Within the General Fund, assuming prior year breakout, 33.3%is for personnel, including fringes; 13.5% is for Medicaid grants; 5.5% for teacher’s retirement; 11.5% for education equalization grants; 3% for magnet /pilot schools; 11% for debt service; and 9% for other current expense and equipment. Examined by function, 28% is for education, museums and libraries; 17% is for human services; 10% for health; 8% for correction; 10% for government services, including judicial, protection, conservation and legislative. A very large 26% is for non-functional use.
CONCLUSION/CHALLENGE
Connecticut would have a temporary budget balance for 2020-2021, without trimming expenses or raising tax rates. Instead, new sales taxes on services and highway/congestion tolls would be imposed. However, in future, expenses would continue to rise faster than revenues in all likelihood with current trajectories.
Assuming most session attendees will have read this summary or are otherwise familiar with the issue, I would propose that discussion focus on creative ways to increase revenues, lower expenses and most of all, ways to encourage economic growth.
Lamont’s Budget Proposal: https://dariendma.org//wp-content/uploads/Gov-Lamont-FY20-FY21-Budget-Presentation-2-20-19.pdf
https://ctmirror.org/2017/01/30/a-legacy-of-debt-connecticut-standing-on-its-own-fiscal-cliff/
https://ctmirror.org/2017/01/31/a-legacy-of-debt-squeeze-on-states-priorities-only-getting-tighter/
https://ctmirror.org/2017/02/03/a-legacy-of-debt-when-fiscal-reality-meets-political-spin/
https://ctmirror.org/2018/11/30/can-efficiency-save-state-government-1-billion-per-year/
The Commission on Fiscal Stability and Economic Growth produced a bleak assessment of Connecticut’s fiscal health for the incoming governor and General Assembly https://ctmirror.org/2018/11/28/second-effort-sound-fiscal-alarm-connecticut/
https://ctmirror.org/2018/12/13/advocates-warn-fiscal-caps-tighten-social-services-local-aid/
https://ctmirror.org/2018/12/04/lamont-taps-hartford-budget-chief-solve-cts-fiscal-crisis/
https://ctmirror.org/2018/12/17/millionaire-suitcase-man-myth/
CT’S LEGACY OF DEBT WAS MALLOY’S ULTIMATE CHALLENGE: https://ctmirror.org/2018/12/26/cts-legacy-debt-malloys-ultimate-challenge/?utm_source=Connecticut+Mirror+Mailing+List&utm_campaign=c751074ff2-DAILY_BRIEFING_AFTERNOON&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_571d22f8e4-c751074ff2-68155097
Another article about the wealthy leaving. This from the Yankee Institute: http://www.yankeeinstitute.org/2018/12/packed-up-and-ready-to-go-those-who-can-that-is/
Connecticut Commission on Fiscal Stability
Report 1.0
Report 2.0
Click on this URL GROWING JOBS AND CONNECTICUT’S TRANSPORTATION CRISIS to view the following documents:
- THE GEOGRAPHY OF JOBS NYC Metro Region Economic Snapshot
- Overview of the Business Council of Fairfield County
- Special Transportation Fund (STF) 2018-R-0088
- Assessment of Reason Foundation’s National Transportation Reports
Click on this URL NEW CANAAN BRANCH LINE – PROPOSED CTDOT ENHANCEMENTS to view the following documents:
- Connecticut State Rail Plan 2012-2016
- Next Steps on Implementing the proposed CTDOT Enhancements on the New Canaan Branch Line
- New Canaan Study Team Detailed Report on CTDOT Enhancements to the New Canaan Branch Line
Click on this URL HIGHWAY TOLLIING to view the following documents:
- CTDOT Study for Implementing Tolls in Connecticut
- Debunking the Myths about Highway Tolling
- Tolling the Freeway: Congestion Pricing and the Economics of Managing Traffic
- Dynamic Tolls for Congestion Control
Click on the following URL to watch a video of Jim Cameron and Joe McGee talking about how Jobs Growth in Connecticut is linked to significant upgrading of Connecticut’s Transportation Infrastructure: https://vimeo.com/258249483
Connecticut’s Commission on Financial Stability and Economic Growth (FSEG)
Click on this URL CONNECTICUT COMMISSION ON FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY & ECONOMIC GROWTH to view the following documents:
- FSEG Final Report with Appendix March 2018
- Lamont’s Recommended Budget for FY 2020 – FY 2021
- Robert Patricelli’s Observations on Lamont’s Recommended Budget for FY 2020 – FY 2021
- James C. Smith presentation on Stimulating Economic Growth through Private/Public Partnerships
Overview of the Fiscal Stability and Economic Growth (FSEG) Commission
Senate Bill No. 1502 June Special Session, Public Act No. 17-2 Sec.250 established a Commission on Fiscal Stability and Economic Growth which shall develop and recommend policies to achieve state government fiscal stability and promote economic growth and competitiveness within the state. The commission shall study and make recommendations regarding state revenues, tax structures, spending, debt, administrative and organizational actions and related activities, including relevant municipal activities, to (1) achieve consistently balanced and timely budgets that are supportive of the interests of families and businesses and the revitalization of major cities within the state, and (2) materially improve the attractiveness of the state for existing and future businesses and residents.
While the FSEG Commission was disbanded when it submitted their Report on March 1, 2018 it continued to function and on November 28, 2018 a second round of recommendations to curb the state’s multibillion-dollar deficit and jumpstart growth was issued by Patricelli and Smith. They billed the new recommendations as “Report 2.0” at the state Capitol building even though it is no longer operating under the state.
On March 13, 2019 Bob Patricelli and Jim Smith spoke to the Darien Men’s Association about the Connecticut Commission on Fiscal Stability and Economic Growth (FSEG) to the. Bob’s presentation gave his Observations on Governor Lamont’s Budget Proposal and Jim’s presentation gave his ideas on Stimulating Economic Growth through Private/Public Partnership. They also stated that they have been collaborating with Governor Lamont to agree on the best options for addressing Connecticut’s problems.
Click on this URL to view The Presentations of Bob Patricelli and Jim Smith.
Click on this URL BACKGROUND ON THE PENSION CHALLENGES OF CONNECTICUT to view the following documents:
- How Did Connecticut Become a Fiscal “Basket Case”
- SEBAC 2017 Agreement with State of Connecticut
- Stress Testing in Connecticut Shows Reforms Stabilizing State Pension System
- As Pensions Grow, State Struggling to Pay
- Has Connecticut Found A Solution to Underfunded Public Pensions
- Connecticut Pension Sustainability Commission Established
- Connecticut Pension Sustainability Commission Update
Discussion leader: Gary Banks
DNA Privacy. It is now inexpensive to at least partially sequence a person’s genome. Companies like Ancestry.com, GEDMatch and 23andMe.com have done it for over 20 million people. There are other databases where people have uploaded their DNA profile insearch of relatives. There are also growing databases, some public, with individual’s DNA gathered from medical testing or crime events. Recently, a cold case of rape/murder was solved by taking DNA from the crime scene and quickly identifying the killer’s cousin that then lead to an arrest. That’s good to solve a horrible crime but there are also risks and concerns.
Certainties:
- Almost all of us have, will shortly have, our DNA profile, or that of a close relative, in an on-line database. It could be from genealogy hobbyists, voluntary samples, medical tests or police actions. There will be incentives and pressure to be profiled, e.g., Stamford Health will need your DNA profile as part of their standard healthcare program – you may have already consented. Babies are being tested at birth. All those routine blood tests could be stored for medical research.
- The massive DNA databases, along with personal medical history will lead to healthcare breakthroughs for both us personally and the public health overall. Personalized medicine – both treatments and prevention is the future.
- The DNA databases can be searched with a court order, but many are open and companies will be building their own databases. It easy to picture an offer for a “free” DNA test (like free email or facebook) if you send them a sample. Police can simply upload a DNA profile and search for relatives.
- The predictive value of your DNA profile will improve – or at least people and organizations will believe it is predictive. Those predictions could involve health, behavior, intelligence, …
- Companies and organizations will figure out a way to monetise and benefit from that data.
I have a bad feeling this is already out of control:
- Companies such as insurance, pharmaceutical, your employer, police, or schools will exploit your DNA profile. Given the experience with google and facebook, any sort of opt-in or consent laws will be ineffective. Think of spam from a pharmaceutical company “Your DNA profile indicates you are at risk of macular degeneration – take our stuff now and save your eyes. ” Or “Your child’s DNA profile indicates they will not succeed in our most demanding academic program.” “Your DNA profile indicates you should not own a gun, have a pilot’s license, or be trusted with children.” Companies would claim they are providing a public service – and say talk to your doctor. Modern day eugenics.
- How about discoveries made from your DNA? Think of Henrietta Lacks – 17,000 patents derived from her cells without compensation. A few people survive deadly things – ebola, HIV, cancer, … Do you deserve compensation if you have some unique and valuable genetic trait that a pharmaceutical company uses? Legal precedent is you don’t have rights over your bio samples.
- Can a dating company require genetic testing to claim they only match people who have compatible genetics? Should you avoid marrying a person who carries the same deadly recessive gene as you?
- Most of us would not volunteer our fingerprints or consent to have our phone tapped. Yet we don’t even have to directly have our DNA sequenced to be visible to the government. It is legal to collect a coffee cup or cigarette butt to get a DNA sample. Police departments are using desktop machines, under less than rigorous laboratory protocols by people with limited training. Seems like fishing is inevitable – e.g. browse for local people who “lack empathy”. Risk of false charges or being brought in for questioning.
- Are we capable of responsibly interpreting the data? The public is not allowed to write their own prescriptions. Could people have their lives ruined – be filled with anxiety, get dangerous or useless medical treatments, fall prey to quacks, even be driven to suicide by not having a medical professional interpret the data? Google “headache” to get a scare.
- Already the DNA testing companies warn people they may be upset by what they find. Your parents and siblings are not biologically who you thought they were. Sperm donors being identified. A sibling you didn’t know you had. There are happy endings for sure – but not always.
- Lack of checks and balances. Without them there will be abuse.
From The Conversation:
Your genome may have already been hacked. https://theconversation.com/your-genome-may-have-already-been-hacked-95763
DNA apps promise deeper insights for consumers – but at what cost? https://theconversation.com/dna-apps-promise-deeper-insights-for-consumers-but-at-what-cost-96257
Americans want a say in what happens to their donated blood and tissue in biobanks Americans want a say in what happens to their donated blood and tissue in biobanks
5 biggest risks of sharing your DNA with consumer genetic-testing companies https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/16/5-biggest-risks-of-sharing-dna-with-consumer-genetic-testing-companies.html
China Uses DNA to Track Its People, With the Help of American Expertise. The Chinese authorities turned to a Massachusetts company and a prominent Yale researcher as they built an enormous system of surveillance and control.
Genealogists Turn to Cousins’ DNA and Family Trees to Crack Five More Cold Cases https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/27/science/dna-family-trees-cold-cases.html
A Mother Learns the Identity of Her Child’s Grandmother. A Sperm Bank Threatens to Sue.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/16/health/sperm-donation-dna-testing.html
How your third cousin’s ancestry DNA test could jeopardize your privacy. Public DNA databases can be used to find you — even if you never shared your own DNA. https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/10/12/17957268/science-ancestry-dna-privacy
We will find you: DNA search used to nab Golden State Killer can home in on about 60% of white Americans https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/10/we-will-find-you-dna-search-used-nab-golden-state-killer-can-home-about-60-white
How an Unlikely Family History Website Transformed Cold Case Investigations. Fifteen murder and sexual assault cases have been solved since April with a single genealogy website. This is how GEDmatch went from a casual side project to a revolutionary tool. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/science/gedmatch-genealogy-cold-cases.html
When a DNA Test Reveals Your Daughter Is Not Your Biological Child https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/10/dna-test-divorce/571684/
23 and me Privacy Policy. https://www.23andme.com/about/privacy/
Ancestry.com Privacy Statement https://www.ancestry.com/cs/legal/privacystatement
The FBI’s CODIS database: https://www.fbi.gov/services/laboratory/biometric-analysis/codis
Also on CODIS:
An overview of human genetic privacy from the NIH: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697154/
Coming Soon to a Police Station Near You: The DNA ‘Magic Box’
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/21/science/dna-crime-gene-technology.html
Testing DNA: In her new book, Erin Murphy investigates how the criminal justice system misuses genetic identification
http://www.law.nyu.edu/news/ideas/erin-murphy-forensic-dna
Familial DNA Searches and the Law
https://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-rights/familial-dna-searches.html
ACLU: The Police Want Your DNA to Prove You’re Innocent. Do You Give it to Them?
FamilyTreeDNA Admits to Sharing Genetic Data With F.B.I.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/family-tree-dna-fbi.html
Jerry Westrom Threw Away a Napkin Last Month. It Was Used to Charge Him in a 1993 Murder.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/17/us/jerry-westrom-isanti-mn.html
Privacy, Security, and the Legacy of 9/11 – Daniel Klau, UConn Law
https://today.uconn.edu/2015/09/privacy-security-and-the-legacy-of-911/
Electronic Frontier Foundation on Medical Privacy
https://www.eff.org/issues/medical-privacy
Dear Mr. Banks,
Thank you for your inquiry. Generally, and depending on the test ordered by your physician, blood samples are retained anywhere from 3 days to 2 weeks after the testing is performed, after which they are appropriately discarded.
Regards,
Todd M. Lieval
Privacy Analyst
Discussion leader: Bryan Hooper
Opening Notes:
BREXIT: Why should we care?
At a seminar I attended in the UK many years ago each participant was asked to consider the future of their industry or professional group. When it was his turn to make his forecast, a lawyer stood up and declared that “the legal profession has no future, but it has a long and glorious past stretching in front of it.” Some might say the same about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as it wrestles with the problems created by the vote in June, 2016, to exit the European Union.
To help answer the question in the title above it might be helpful to have an understanding of some of the history of the UK, the development of the EU, and how the UK came to be in its current situation – if the situation ever becomes clear, that is.
- The United Kingdom (UK)
Great Britain was created by the English annexing Wales in 1535 and 1542 and forming a union with Scotland in 1707. The kingdom of Ireland was added in 1801, and Northern Ireland was formed in 1922 when what became Eire seceded from the kingdom and established an independent country. The combination of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the United Kingdom. All four countries elect members to the UK parliament that sits in Westminster, London, and, in addition, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland each has a separate devolved parliament. The total population of the UK is 66 million, with England at 55.6, Scotland 5.4, Wales 3.1 and Northern Ireland 1.9 million. Gross domestic product of the UK is the fifth largest in the world at an estimated $2.8 trillion in 2018 out of a world total of $84.8 trillion. To put this in perspective, the US GDP was $20.5, China $13.5, Japan $5.1 and Germany $4.0 trillion.
- The European Union (EU)
It is ironic in today’s discombobulated Brexit climate that in 1946 Winston Churchill, a Conservative statesman, was one of the early advocates of a United States of Europe. The EU traces its origin to the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community created during the recovery from World War II by the Treaty of Paris in 1951. The subsequent Treaty of Rome in 1957 led to the establishment of the European Economic Community comprising six countries: West Germany, France, Italy and the Benelux nations. The UK eventually joined the EEC in 1973 having been rebuffed initially by the French in 1963.
In 1975 the UK held its first ever nationwide referendum, and it concerned staying in the EEC. The government recommended the UK should remain in the group, and the electorate voted 67% in favor on a 64% turnout. In 1993 the Maastricht Treaty came into effect for the 12 countries of the EEC. That treaty established the EU together with European citizenship, it ensured the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the market, and enabled the enaction of legislation covering justice, home affairs and trade policies. It also laid the foundation for the common currency, the euro: the EU now has 28 member countries and 19 of them use the euro. The population of the EU is 513 million and GDP in 2018 was estimated at $18.8 trillion, approximately 22% of the world’s GDP, compared with the US share of 24%.
- The Brexit Referendum
(a) The political timeline
David Cameron, leader of the Conservative Party, won an unexpected victory over the Labour Party in the UK general election in 2010. The Conservatives did not, however, gain sufficient votes to form a clear majority and they allied with the Liberal Democratic Party to form a coalition government with Cameron as Prime Minister.
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Animosity in the UK toward the EU had gradually increased since the terms of the Maastricht Treaty were enforced in 1993, and the Treaty of Lisbon exacerbated the situation when it was implemented in December, 2009. This gave increasing power to the EU parliament and also fueled the anti-immigrant feelings in the UK which had been developing and strengthening as the EU expanded its number of member countries and assigned more power to the European Parliament in Brussels. During and after the world financial crisis in 2008 the resentment intensified with many in the UK objecting to immigrants taking away jobs from the UK population and some allegedly living off the UK by taking advantage of social welfare handouts. Further dislike of the EU was fostered by the crisis in the Eurozone creating economic uncertainty, and the rise of terrorism that was also blamed on immigrant factions. Pressure built up to fix the UK economy and react to the growing power arrogated by the EU.
Cameron called a general election in 2015 during which he promised another referendum on staying in the EU. The conservatives won enough seats this time to form a majority government (over 326) without the assistance of another party. In the table below are shown the seats won in 2015 compared with 2010 and also the percentage of the vote won by the main parties:
|
Party |
Members of Parliament |
Share of MPs (%) |
Share of Votes (%) |
|
|
2010 2015 |
2010 2015 |
2010 2015 |
|
Conservative |
306 330 |
47.1 50.8 |
36.1 36.8 |
|
Labour |
258 232 |
39.7 35.7 |
29.0 30.4 |
|
Scottish National |
6 56 |
0.9 8.6 |
1.7 4.7 |
|
Liberal Democrats |
57 8 |
8.8 1.2 |
23.0 7.9 |
|
Democratic Unionist |
8 8 |
1.2 1.2 |
0.6 0.6 |
|
UK Independence |
0 1 |
0.0 0.2 |
3.1 12.6 |
|
Speaker |
1 1 |
0.2 0.2 |
0.2 0.2 |
|
Other |
14 14 |
2.1 2.1 |
6.3 6.8 |
|
Total |
650 650 |
100.0 100.0 |
100.0 100.0 |
Note in 2015 the growth of the Scottish National Party (SNP), the decline of the Liberal Democrats, and the share of the vote won by the UK Independence Party (UKIP):
- The electorate in Scotland had rejected separating from the UK in a referendum held in September, 2014, voting 55% to stay, with a very high turnout of 85%. However, the whole process of the independence plebiscite stirred nationalist sentiment and that carried over to the UK general election in 2015 as the SNP won 56 of the 59 available seats in Scotland.
- The Liberal Democrats paid the price for being in coalition with the Conservative Party in the last government, losing 49 of the 57 seats they held previously.
- The Democrat Unionist Party (DUP) retained 8 of the 18 seats available in Northern Ireland.
- Labour won 25 of 40 seats in Wales.
- The Conservative Party took 316 of 533 seats in England.
- In 2014 UKIP candidates took 27% of the vote in the UK for the European Parliament, ending up with 24 out of the 73 seats assigned to the UK, and greater than the seats won by either of the two major UK parties. In the 2015 UK general election UKIP picked up only one seat, but their 13% share of the total vote was a signal of what was to come in 2016.
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(b) The fateful vote
Prime Minister David Cameron and his government passed the Enabling Act in February, 2016, authorizing the referendum to be held for remaining or leaving the EU, and announced the date of June 23, 2016, for it to occur.
The government threw its support behind the Remain camp, but Cameron allowed Conservative Party members of parliament (MPs) and members of his Cabinet to make their own decisions on which side to support. Seven cabinet members joined the Leave faction. Boris Johnson, former Mayor of London and an MP, plus Michael Gove, Secretary of State for Justice, together with UKIP leader, Nigel Farage, spearheaded the Leave side. Arguments for Remain were that the UK would risk prosperity, jeopardize national security, lose jobs, delay investment in the UK, and lose influence in world affairs if they left. The Leave group argued that the EU had a deficit of democracy, it undermined national sovereignty and prevented the UK from making better trade deals. Leaving would give control of immigration back to the UK and save billions of pounds in membership fees. The Leave group appeared to take better advantage of social media than the Remain team, spreading the memes that emphasized the potential danger of immigration from Turkey if it became a member, and also trumpeting that leaving the EU would free up £350 million a week ($24 billion annually) to be spent on the UK National Health Service. Neither of these messages were countered effectively by the Remain side.
The results of the referendum surprised everyone – to say the least. The overall vote in the UK to leave the EU was 52% versus 48% to remain, and the turnout was 72% of the electorate (compared with a 64% turnout in 1975 when 67% to remain in the EEC). On a country basis, England voted to leave by 53.4%, and Wales at 52.5% also voted to leave. In England only Greater London voted to remain, while all other regions opted to leave. Scotland at 62.0% and Northern Ireland at 55.8% voted to remain in the EU.
Prime Minister Cameron announced his resignation the next day and Theresa May, the Home Secretary, took over on July 13, 2016. May was one of the ministers who had supported the Remain campaign. On March 29, 2017, the UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union to leave the EU by March 29, 2019, and so began the process of planning and negotiating terms of the withdrawal.
(c) The 2017 election
On April 18, 2017, Theresa May called for a general election in order to strengthen her hand in negotiations with the EU, and set the date for June 8th. Strong support for her government diminished considerably by the time the election occurred, and the Conservative Party lost 13 seats. They ended up 9 short of an overall majority, but continued in power as a minority government with the backing of the 10 votes of the DUP from Northern Ireland.
|
Party |
Members of Parliament |
|
|
2015 2017 |
|
Conservative |
330 317 |
|
Labour |
232 262 |
|
Scottish National |
56 35 |
|
Liberal Democrats |
8 12 |
|
Democratic Unionist |
8 10 |
|
UK Independence |
1 0 |
|
Speaker |
1 1 |
|
Other |
14 13 |
|
Total |
650 650 |
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(d) The draft agreement and the options
May then proceeded to negotiate with the EU with a view to avoid permanent membership of the single market or the customs union and to repeal membership of the EU. In July 2018, the PM’s cabinet agreed to the Chequers plan which outlined the proposals made by the UK government, and in November, 2018, the draft Agreement on the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union as developed between the UK and EU was published – all 585 pages.
The proposal allows for the UK to transition out of the EU over the period March 29, 2019 to December 31, 2020. In the interim, it will remain in the customs union, continue to pay into the EU budget and apply EU laws while negotiating further with the EU on new trade deals. The UK will have no representation in making decisions in the EU during the transition. In case no agreement is reached by the end of 2020 there is a backstop agreement that says the UK will remain in a customs union with the EU, thus avoiding the necessity of setting up a hard border with customs checks between Northern Ireland and Eire, which would avert a potential conflict in this previously troubled area. This part of the agreement is difficult for Brexit supporters to accept. They have consistently argued that Britain must be able to exit any UK customs union with the EU as and when it wants so as to be able to pursue free-trade deals around the world. The DUP objects to the backstop since it treats Northern Ireland differently from the rest of the UK and could promote a renewal of talk and action on reunification of Ireland and leaving the UK.
The draft agreement was submitted by the UK government for approval to parliament on January 15, 2019, and went down to defeat by 432 votes to 202, an extraordinary and record margin of 230 for a government loss. Nonetheless, the Prime Minister survived a vote of no confidence the next day by 19 votes. Non-binding amendments were then approved by parliament on January 29 that rejected a no-deal Brexit and authorized the Prime Minister to return for talks with the EU to alter the Irish backstop to allow for alternative arrangements.
The EU negotiators have already stated there will be no changes made to the draft agreement, but meetings are continuing, and Prime Minister May will present revised proposals to parliament later in February.
(e) What will happen?
There are several possibilities:
- The chaotic solution nobody wants is that a hard Brexit occurs on 3/29/19 with no agreement in place.
- The UK and EU come to a new arrangement over the Irish backstop, and a more amicable divorce is agreed between the two participants.
- The UK decides to have another referendum if parliament votes for it. Additionally, Scotland has the right to vote for independence in a second referendum once Brexit terms are decided, and might subsequently apply for membership of the EU.
- The decision is deferred for a few months, although that could create problems since there are elections in May for the EU parliament and the UK theoretically would still have to vote to fill their EU seats.
- Why should we care?
An open question, and one for discussion at our meeting on February 21, 2019.
To get everyone started on their reading of the subject of Brexit I would suggest the article on the Conversation website: https://theconversation.com/whats-the-deal-or-no-deal-with-brexit-heres-everything-explained-110024
Another excellent source is the BBC news website: https://www.bbc.com/news
to find “All you need to know about Brexit.” Enter Brexit in the search box to see a summary of the situation and links to give you greater insight into several subjects.
For those of you interested in delving into more background go into Wikipedia and search for the individual articles on the United Kingdom, the European Union, and Brexit. More data regarding the EU can be found on their website, Europa.eu
The Malign Incompetence of the British Ruling Class
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/17/opinion/sunday/brexit-ireland-empire.html
Discussion leader: Jim Phillips
Intelligence Squared Debate https://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/debates/social-media-good-democracy-0
Hard Questions: What Effect Does Social Media Have on Democracy?https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/01/effect-social-media-democracy/
Facebook Says Social Media Can Be Negative For Democracy https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/22/579732762/facebook-says-social-media-can-be-negative-for-democracy
Guest Post: Is Social Media Good or Bad for Democracy?https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/01/vromen-democracy/
Without Transparency, Democracy Dies In The Darkness Of Social Media https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2018/01/25/without-transparency-democracy-dies-in-the-darkness-of-social-media/#41017c4a7221
Why social media may not be so good for democracyhttps://theconversation.com/why-social-media-may-not-be-so-good-for-democracy-86285